![]() It controls these devices using device drivers, a computer program that enables the communication between OS and hardware devices. Manages the allocation of peripheral devices connected to the system such as mouse, keyboard, etc. Some of the major functions are described here. The Kernel of an Operating system has control over the whole system and is responsible for various tasks. A switch from User mode to Kernel mode occurs when a system call takes place. Applications running in User mode must make a system call to the Kernel to use system resources. On the contrary, User mode is the restricted one where it cannot access the resources directly. Specific operations such as memory management can only be accomplished in this highly privileged mode. The system boots with the Kernel mode where it has complete access to the hardware and resources. The purpose of this division is to secure the operating system from any kind of malicious or unwanted activities. The system offers two modes of operation: User Mode and Kernel Mode. BIOS starts up the system, performs basic tests, and transfers control to the Kernel. On the other hand, Kernel is the core of the operating system. In simple words, BIOS is not a part of the operating system but a set of small programs. It is the computer program embedded in the motherboard that starts the system at power-on. The BIOS stands for “ Basic Input/ Output System”. Every program of the operating system except for the Kernel executes in this space. The Userspace is the memory space on a system available for user applications. This partition is created to provide both memory and hardware protection. ![]() This separate memory space where Kernel executes processes and provides services is called the Kernel Space. Since Kernel is the heart of the operating system and is responsible for crucial tasks, it is loaded into separate memory space and kept reserved. This core process keeps the system running, managing and integrating all the hardware and software operations. Furthermore, it is the first program (after the bootloader) loaded into memory at the system start-up and remains in the backend till the OS is shut down. ![]() It is an interface that resides in the middle of the software and hardware ensuring interactions between these components. A kernel can be defined as the core of an operating system.
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